Background: Type-1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in absolute insulin deficiency. This condition requires lifelong management to maintain glucose homeostasis and prevent complications.
Objective: This article explores the physiology of T1D, focusing on the mechanisms of beta-cell destruction, the role of genetic and environmental factors, and current management strategies.
Results: T1D is caused by an autoimmune response that targets insulinproducing beta cells. Genetic susceptibility, influenced by HLA gene variants and environmental triggers contribute to the disease's onset. Insulin deficiency leads to chronic hyperglycemia and metabolic disturbances, including diabetic ketoacidosis. Management strategies include insulin therapy, lifestyle modifications, and emerging immunotherapies and betacell replacement techniques.
Conclusion: Understanding the physiological mechanisms of T1D is crucial for effective management and the development of novel therapies. Advances in insulin delivery systems, immunotherapy, and beta-cell replacement hold promise for improving the quality of life and outcomes for individuals with T1D.
