Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder, is a leading cause of morbidity worldwide. Traditional diagnostic methods such as Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests (OGTT) are effective but have limitations, particularly in detecting early disease stages and providing insight into disease mechanisms. Recent advancements in diabetes research have identified novel biomarkers that can improve early detection, risk assessment, and personalized management of diabetes. These biomarkers include indicators of pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction (proinsulin, C-peptide), inflammation (hs-CRP, IL-6), oxidative stress (AGEs, 8-OHdG), metabolic dysregulation (branched-chain amino acids, ceramides), and genetic/epigenetic markers (TCF7L2, DNA methylation). Advanced diagnostic tools incorporating these biomarkers-such as multi-biomarker panels, imaging technologies, and wearable devices-offer more accurate, comprehensive, and individualized approaches to diabetes care. Despite challenges in validation and accessibility, the integration of these novel diagnostics holds promise for improving outcomes in diabetes management.
