Insulin Resistance (IR) is a critical metabolic disorder that plays a central role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This article reviews the mechanisms underlying insulin resistance, its clinical implications, and current therapeutic strategies. Insulin resistance is characterized by a reduced ability of insulin to promote glucose uptake in tissues, leading to hyperglycaemia and compensatory hyperinsulinemia. Various factors contribute to its development, including genetic predisposition, obesity, inflammation, and impaired mitochondrial function. The article also explores the diagnostic criteria for insulin resistance and the use of surrogate markers. Therapeutic approaches, including lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions, and emerging therapies, are discussed, emphasizing the importance of early intervention to prevent the progression to more severe metabolic disorders.
