Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. This condition results from a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The genetic basis of diabetes involves multiple genes that influence both susceptibility and resistance to the disease. This article reviews the current understanding of the genetic factors contributing to Type-1 diabetes (T1D) and Type-2 diabetes (T2D), highlighting the key genetic loci identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and the role of epigenetics in diabetes pathogenesis. We also discuss the implications of these findings for personalized medicine, including potential for tailored treatment strategies, and outline future research directions aimed at further elucidating the genetic underpinnings and developing effective interventions.
