Genomic studies have profoundly enhanced our understanding of diabetes mellitus, revealing critical insights into its genetic basis and potential pathways for personalized treatment. Type 1 diabetes (T1D), an autoimmune condition leading to the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, is strongly associated with specific HLA gene variants, while type 2 diabetes (T2D), a polygenic disorder marked by insulin resistance, involves numerous genetic loci identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Technological advancements such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays have enabled the discovery of both common and rare genetic variants linked to diabetes. Functional genomics and epigenetic research further illuminate the complex regulatory mechanisms underlying the disease. Clinically, genetic insights facilitate personalized medicine approaches, predictive testing, and the development of targeted therapies. Despite these advances, challenges remain, including the need for research in diverse populations and the integration of genomic findings into routine clinical practice. Continued exploration in these areas promises to enhance diabetes management and reduce its global impact.
