Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion, action, or both. The two main types of diabetes are Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). T1DM is an autoimmune disease that leads to the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in insulin deficiency. In contrast, T2DM is primarily characterized by insulin resistance and eventual pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction. Both types contribute significantly to global morbidity and mortality, with rising prevalence worldwide. This review focuses on the pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, management strategies, and future research in T1DM and T2DM. A comparison of the two types is made to better understand the unique and overlapping features of these disorders, along with the latest therapeutic advancements aimed at improving patient outcomes.
